Skip to Main Content
  • Linde Worldwide
  • The Linde Group
  • About Linde

  • Industrial Gases

  • Home
  • Industries
      • Aquaculture
        • Flow-Through Farms
        • RAS
        • Sea Cages
        • Fish Transportation
      • Chemicals
        • Fine & Specialty Chemicals
        • Base & Petrochemicals
      • Construction & Infrastructure
        • Construction
        • Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning (HVAC)
        • Heavy Machinery
        • Offshore
        • Pipelines
        • Wind, Wave & Tidal
        • Energy & Process Plants
        • Structural Steel
        • Ground freezing
      • Electronics
        • Semiconductor
        • Display
        • Solar
        • LED
        • Contact the Linde Team
        • Quality
        • News & Media
          • Press Releases
          • Publications
      • Food & Beverages
        • Beverages
        • Dairy
        • Dry Foods & Bakery
        • Fruit & Vegetables
        • Meat
        • Edible Oils & Fats
        • Prepared & Catered Foods
        • Fish & Seafood
      • Glass
        • Glass Melting
        • Glass Forming
        • Glass Surface Treatment
        • Window Insulation and Lighting
        • Gas supply
        • Service
      • Laboratories
      • Leisure & hospitality
        • Hospitality
        • Home & Hobby
      • Medical
        • Clinical Diagnostics
        • Healthcare
        • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
          • MRI Cryogens & CRYOFILL® Service
      • Metal Fabrication
        • Handcrafts & locksmiths
        • Metal job shops
        • White goods
        • Scrap dealers
        • EN 1090 Compliance
          • Linde and EN 1090
          • EN1090 Execution Classes
            • EN 1090 Four Step Process for Execution Class Selection.
            • EN 1090 Execution Class Requirements
          • EN 1090 Certifying Bodies
          • EN 1090 Checklist
      • Metals
        • Aluminium
          • Aluminium Melting
          • Aluminium Casting
        • Iron
          • Iron Melting
          • Iron Casting
        • Steel
          • Gas application technologies for the steel industry
        • Gas supply
        • Services
      • Pharma & Biotech
        • Freeze drying
        • Reactor cooling
        • VOC emission control
        • Inert charging
        • Inerting, purging, sparging, pressure transfer
        • Gas Supply
        • Service
      • Plastics & Rubber
      • Power & Energy
        • Conventional power
        • Biomass fire suppression
      • Refining
      • Transport
        • Aerospace
        • Automotive
          • Compliance with Euro 6
        • Rail
        • Shipbuilding
        • Trucking
      • Water & Wastewater Treatment
        • Wastewater Treatment
        • Drinking Water Treatment
        • Process Water Treatment
        • Surface Water Protection
        • Water & Wastewater Analysis
        • Water Treatment Chemicals
  • Processes
      • Additive Manufacturing Processes
        • Powder Production
        • Additive Manufacturing
        • Heat Treatment
        • Gas supply
        • Services
      • Analysis & Instrumentation
        • Traceability
      • Aquaculture
      • Cleaning, Polishing & Grinding
        • Bleaching
          • Bleaching of Chemical Pulp
          • Oxygen Delignification
          • Oxygen Reinforced Alkaline Extraction
          • Oxygen Reinforced Peroxide Bleaching
          • Ozone Delignification/Bleaching
        • Carbon Dioxide Pulp Wash
        • CRYOCLEAN® Cleaning Solutions
          • CRYOCLEAN® snow
          • CRYOCLEAN® snow+
        • Grinding
      • Clinical Analysis & Diagnostics
      • Coating & Surface Treatment
        • Coating
          • LINSPRAY Thermal Spray Solutions
            • LINSPRAY Cold Spraying
            • LINSPRAY Plasma Spraying
            • LINSPRAY CO₂cooling for thermal spraying
        • Ultraviolet & Electron Beam Curing
      • Controlled & Modified Atmospheres
        • Carbonation
        • Controlled Atmosphere Stunning (CAS)
        • Enhancing Greenhouse Growth
        • Liquid Nitrogen Dosing
        • Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP)
          • MAPAX for Dairy
          • MAPAX for Dry Foods & Bakery
          • MAPAX for Fish & Seafood
          • MAPAX for Fruit & Vegetables
          • MAPAX for Meat
          • MAPAX for Prepared Foods
          • MAPAX LD
        • Oxygenation in Aquaculture
      • Cutting, Joining and Heating
        • Brazing and soldering
        • Cutting
          • Laser Cutting
            • Laser cutting with oxygen
            • Laser Cutting with Nitrogen
          • Oxyfuel cutting
          • Plasma arc cutting
        • Welding
          • Metal Inert Gas (MIG) and Metal Active Gas (MAG) welding
          • Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) Welding
          • Manual Metal Arc (MMA) Welding
          • Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
          • Laser Welding
        • Connected Welding
        • Heating & Surfacing
          • Flame Treatments
            • Flame Hardening
            • Flame Straightening
            • Fusing of Flame-Sprayed Coatings
            • Hot Forming
            • Postheating
            • Preheating
        • LINDOFLAMM Flame Solutions
          • LINDOFLAMM Special Burners
            • LINDOFLAMM Flow Stop
          • Pre-Heating / Flame Straightening
            • Flame Pre-heating
            • Flame Straightening
      • Freezing & Cooling
        • Cooling of Core Hoses
        • Dross Cooling with Argon
        • Extrusion Cooling
        • Food Chilling & Freezing
        • In-Transit Refrigeration
        • Cooling for Metal Fabrication
        • Rapid Cooling
        • Reactor Cooling
      • Fumigation & Pest Control
      • Heat Treatment
        • Annealing
        • Furnace Brazing
        • Carburising & Carbonitriding
        • Neutral Hardening
        • Nitriding & Nitrocarburising
        • Powder Metal Sintering
        • Sub-zero Treatment
        • Gas supply
        • Service
      • Inerting, purging, sparging
        • Inerting
          • Blanketing of food
        • Blanketing
          • Blanketing of food
        • Purging
          • Purging of Foodstuffs
        • Sparging
          • Sparging of Food
        • Pressure Transfer
        • Inert Charging with N2LOCK®
      • Leisure & Hospitality
      • Melting & Heating
        • Heating for Metal Fabrication
      • Petrochemical Processing
        • Fluid Catalytic Cracking
        • Gas/Liquid Reactions
        • Heterogeneous Oxidations
        • Hydrogen in Refining
      • Pharmaceutical Processing
      • Plastic & rubber processing
        • Foaming
        • Gas Injection Moulding (GIM)
        • Advanced Temperature Control
        • Tyre Curing
      • Process Chemistry
        • Hydrogen Applications for Chemical Production
        • VOC emission control
        • Reactor Cooling
        • Stirring
      • Water and Wastewater Treatment
        • Wastewater Treatment
        • Drinking Water Treatment
        • Process Water Treatment
        • Surface Water Protection
        • Water and Wastewater Analysis
        • Water Treatment Chemicals
  • Products & Supply
      • Emissions Solutions
        • LoTOx
        • CIRRUS
      • Aquaculture Solutions and Services
        • Innovations
        • Salt and brackish water
          • SOLVOX® A
          • SOLVOX® B & CD
          • SOLVOX® DropIn
          • SOLVOX® OxyStream
          • SOLVOX® Stream
          • SOLVOX® F
        • Fresh water
          • SOLVOX® B & CD
          • SOLVOX® C
          • SOLVOX® Stream
          • SOLVOX® F
        • Gas supply
      • Atmospheric Gases
        • Air
        • Argon
        • Carbon dioxide
        • Helium
        • Nitrogen
        • Oxygen
        • Gases & Applications eBook
      • Fuel Gases
        • Acetylene
        • Hydrogen
        • Propane
        • Propylene
      • Shielding Gases
        • Argon 4.6
        • VARIGON H2
        • VARIGON H5
        • VARIGON He30
        • VARIGON He50
        • VARIGON He70
        • VARIGON N2.5
        • CORGON 5S2
        • CORGON 10
        • CORGON 18
        • CORGON 25
        • CORGON 12S2
        • CRONIGON 2
        • CRONIGON 2He38
        • CRONIGON 2He55
        • FORMIER 5
        • FORMIER 10
      • Electronic Gases and Chemicals
        • Bulk Gases
        • Electronic Special Gases
        • Isotopes
        • Lithography Gases
        • On-Site Gas Generation
          • SPECTRA-N On-Site Nitrogen generation
          • HYDROPRIME On-Site Hydrogen generation
          • Generation-F On-Site Fluorine generation
          • On-Site Ammonia purification
        • On-Site Services
        • Rare Gases
        • Gas Systems and Equipment
        • Wet Chemicals
      • Food Chilling & Cooling
        • ACCU-CHILL
        • Dri-Pack Systems
        • Dry Ice
        • FROSTCRUISE: In-Transit Refrigeration
        • Pelletizers: On-Site Dry Ice
        • Snow Horns
        • Transport Controlled Temperature
      • Food Freezing
        • The Linde CRYOLINE Family
        • CRYOLINE CF
        • CRYOLINE CS
        • CRYOLINE CW
        • CRYOLINE MT
        • CRYOLINE PE
        • CRYOLINE SC
        • CRYOLINE SI
        • CRYOLINE TI
        • CRYOLINE XF
      • Food Grade Gases
      • Fumigants
        • VAPORMATE
        • EDN
        • Carbon Dioxide in Agriculture
          • Greenhouse Applications
          • Fumigation or Controlled Atmosphere Treatments
      • Gas Mixtures
      • Packaged Chemicals
        • Product Range
          • Ammonia
          • Carbon Monoxide
          • Chlorine
          • Ethylene
          • Ethylene oxide
          • Foam Blowing Agents
          • Hydrogen Chloride
          • Sulfur Dioxide
          • Sulfur Hexafluoride
          • Fire Suppressants
          • Propellants
        • Material data
          • CAS Listing
          • Material Compatibility
          • Physical Data
      • Plastic & Rubber Solutions
        • PLASTINUM Foam E
        • PLASTINUM Foam P
        • PLASTINUM GIM I
        • PLASTINUM GIM C
        • PLASTINUM GIM P
        • PLASTINUM Temp S
        • PLASTINUM Temp D
      • Pharmaceutical Solutions
        • Fluid Temperature Control
        • Traceability & Pharmaceutical Grade Gases
        • Vapour Emission Control
        • VERISEQ Nucleation
      • Refrigerants
        • CFCs
        • HCFCs
          • R22
          • R123
          • R401A (SUVA MP39)
          • R401B (SUVA MP66)
          • R402A (HP80)
          • R402B (HP81)
          • R403B (ISCEON 69L)
          • R408A (Forane FX10)
          • R409A (Forane FX56)
        • HFCs
          • R23
          • R32
          • R134a
          • R404A
          • R407A
          • R407C
          • R407F (PERFORMAX LT)
          • R410A
          • R417A (ISCEON MO59)
          • R422A (ISCEON MO79)
          • R422D (ISCEON MO29)
          • R423A (ISCEON 39TC)
          • R424A (RS-44)
          • R427A (Forane 427A)
          • R428A (RS-52)
          • R434A (RS-45)
          • R437A (ISCEON MO49Plus)
          • R438A (ISCEON MO99)
          • R442A (RS-50)
          • R507A
          • R508B (SUVA 95)
          • ISCEON MO89
        • HFOs
          • Opteon YF (R1234yf)
          • SOLSTICE 1234yf (R1234yf)
        • Natural Refrigerants
          • R717 (Ammonia)
          • R744 (Carbon dioxide)
          • R170 (Ethane)
          • R290 (CARE 40) Propane
          • R600a (CARE 10) Isobutane
          • R1150 (Ethylene)
          • R1270 (CARE 45) Propylene
        • Reclaim, Recovery & Waste Management
        • Leak Detection Gases
        • Environment and Legislation
        • Contacts
      • Welding and Safety Products
        • Gas Equipment
          • Standard Regulators
          • SMOOTHFLO Regulator
            • Interactive Guide
            • Six Reasons to Buy
          • Torches
          • Hoses
          • Flashback Arrestors
          • Nozzles / Cutting Tips
          • Welding Kits / Outfits
        • Welding Consumables
        • Arc Equipment and Accessories
        • Personal Protective Equipment
        • Trade Tools
        • Welding & Safety Brands
        • Gas & Consumable Calculator
      • Specialty Gases & Equipment
      • Supply Modes
        • Cylinders
          • GENIE cylinders
            • Who is GENIE for?
            • GENIE regulators and accessories
            • GENIE Interactive Tour
            • GENIE FAQ
          • EVOS cylinders
            • EVOS Ci
            • EVOS DCi
            • FAQs
          • MOBI cylinders
        • Drum Tanks
        • Bulk Supply
        • Onsite Solutions
        • Pipelines
        • Air Separation Plants
        • HyCO Plants
        • Supply Reliability
        • Gas calculator
      • Water and Wastewater Solutions
        • SOLVOX® Family
          • SOLVOX® B
          • SOLVOX® D
          • SOLVOX® V
          • SOLVOX® R
          • SOLVOX® VITOX
          • SOLVOX® W
        • SOLVOCARB® Family
          • SOLVOCARB® B
          • SOLVOCARB® D
          • SOLVOCARB® A
          • SOLVOCARB® R
        • Ozone
        • Water and Wastewater Analysis
        • Water Treatment Chemicals
  • Services
      • ACCURA gas cylinder management
        • ACCURA FAQs
      • AVANTO welding management
        • AVANTO FAQs
      • Online Shops
      • Rent-and-go
      • Process Know-How
      • Quality and Safety
      • Supply Reliability
  • Health & Safety
      • Product & Process Safety Information
        • Safety Data Sheets
        • Handling Dangerous Substances
        • Safe Transport of Gases
        • Acetylene: Safe Transport & Handling
          • Acetylene Hazards
          • Acetylene: Good Practices
          • Acetylene: Positive Action
        • Campaign Against Asphyxiation
      • Legislation
        • REACH
        • GHS
          • GHS FAQs
      • Product Stewardship
      • Vision and Policy
        • Caring for the Environment
  • Innovations
      • Hydrogen Energy
        • H2 is everywhere
        • One-stop Shop H2
          • H2 Production
          • H2 Distribution and Storage
          • H2 Fuelling Technologies
          • H2 Applications
        • H2 Reference projects
        • Experience H2
          • BeeZero
          • Linde H2 bike
        • Shell Eco-marathon
          • SEM 2017
          • SEM 2016
        • FAQs
        • Press Releases
      • Energy storage
        • Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES)
        • Thermal Energy Storage (TES)
  • News & Media
      • Press Services
        • Interview Digitalisation
      • Press Releases
      • Linde @ Social Media
        • Facebook
        • Twitter
        • YouTube
        • Google+
        • LinkedIn
        • Miscellaneous
        • Social Media Guidelines
      • Events
        • Upcoming Events
      • Publications
        • Oxygen enrichment in air oxidation reactions
        • Inerting in the chemical industry
      • Linde Apps
        • Investor Relations App
        • BeeZero App
        • C-Pot
        • Gas Converter
        • Gas distribution partner-search
        • Fascinating Gases
        • Virtual World
        • Virtual Cryo
        • BOC re-order
        • Afrox Shop
      • Image Library
      • Video Library
      • Media Contacts
  • Careers
      • Work @ Linde
      • People @ Linde
        • License to Fill
        • Matthias & the Mechanics
        • The Caring Side
        • The Pathfinder
        • Giving Back
      • Roles @ Linde
        • Engineers & Technicians
        • Sales & Customer Service
        • Healthcare & Homecare
        • Corporate Functional Staff & Admins
        • Operational Staff, Fillers & Drivers
      • Jobs @ Linde
        • Locations worldwide
      • Students & Graduates
        • School Students
        • University Students
        • Graduates
      • Apply @ Linde
      • Job Blog
        • A Dream Job
        • A New Home
        • Insider Tips
        • Shell Eco-marathon
        • Shell Eco-marathon London
        • Shell Eco-marathon: Driving change
        • A whole new weld
  •  
  • Linde Worldwide
  • The Linde Group
  • About Linde
  • Careers
  • News & Media
  • Press Services
  • Press Releases
  • Linde @ Social Media
  • Events
  • Publications
    • Oxygen enrichment in air oxidation reactions
    • Inerting in the chemical industry
  • Linde Apps
  • Image Library
  • Video Library
  • Media Contacts
  • News & Media
  • Publications
  • Publication Analyst Presentation Q2 2008
    • Facebook Social Media icon
    • Twitter Social Media icon
    • YouTube Social Media icon
    • Google Plus Social Media icon
    • LinkedIn Social Media icon
    • Xing_Social_Media_icon
    • Sitemap
    • Terms of use
    • Legal notice
    • Data protection

  • © The Linde Group 2017

To enhance your user experience and to deliver our online services, this website uses cookies for reasons of functionality, comfort and statistics. By continuing to browse the site, you are agreeing to our use of cookies.
You can find out more on our data protection information.
You must check the "I accept cookies from Linde Sites" box to accept.
More